What are mangroves?
Mangroves are shrub and tree species that form evergreen forests at the intersection of land and water, playing a crucial ecological role. They can tolerate high salinity levels and primarily grow in tropical and subtropical regions along sheltered coastlines, lagoons, estuaries, and river deltas.
These ecosystems receive water from both the ocean and mountain rivers, which bring in sediments and nutrients. To adapt to intertidal environments, mangroves have developed aerial roots for respiration (pneumatophores) and the ability to filter and expel excess salt through their leaves. The size and density of mangrove forests vary based on environmental conditions: in high-salinity areas, they tend to be smaller and sparser, while in favorable conditions, they can grow up to 40 meters tall.
There are between 50 and 70 species of mangroves worldwide, many of which are classified as threatened according to the IUCN Red List.
Where are mangroves found?
Mangrove forests are primarily located in the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. Some of the most significant areas include:
- Kenya: The Tana River Delta region is home to one of the country’s most important mangrove populations.
- Latina America e Asia: Large mangrove forests can be found in Brazil, Indonesia, India, and the Philippines.
- United Arab Emirates - Jubail Mangrove Park: A sanctuary dedicated to the conservation of mangroves and the protection of marine biodiversity.
- Madagascar: The country hosts some of Africa’s largest and most diverse mangrove forests, which are crucial for coastal protection and local biodiversity.
The role of mangroves for biodiversity
Mangrove forests provide shelter for numerous animal species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. Some of the most common species found in these ecosystems include:
- Mammals: Elephants, hippos, tigers, and otters.
- Birds: Eagles, herons, and parrots.
- Reptiles: Crocodiles, iguanas, and both marine and terrestrial turtles.
- Crustaceans and fish: Essential for local fisheries.
It is estimated that mangroves are home to around 341 threatened species.
Mangroves and Climate Change
Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating climate change. Their roots protect coastlines from erosion and help reduce the impact of extreme weather events such as tsunamis and hurricanes. Additionally, mangroves are among the most efficient ecosystems for carbon absorption: their biomass and soils store approximately 6.23 gigatonnes of carbon globally.
The importance of mangroves for local economies
Mangrove forests provide numerous ecosystem services and economic benefits, including:
- Timber production, used for construction and fuel.
- Harvesting of natural products such as honey, sugar, and dyes.
- Support for the fishing and aquaculture industries.
- Promotion of ecotourism, creating job opportunities for local communities.
Conservation status of mangroves
Despite their importance, mangrove forests are facing rapid degradation. Over the past 50 years, deforestation and land conversion for agriculture and aquaculture have drastically reduced these ecosystems. Other threats include timber extraction, coastal erosion, and climate change.
The conservation of mangroves is essential to preserving biodiversity and maintaining the vital ecosystem services they provide. Governments and environmental organisations are working to protect and restore these critical habitats.
Mangrove restoration projects
Mangroves in Kenya
In 2024, Green Future Project launched a mangrove reforestation project along the Tana River Delta, an area severely affected by deforestation. This initiative not only helps preserve biodiversity but also creates job opportunities for local communities.
Jubail Mangrove Park
Beyond reforestation efforts, conserving existing mangroves is crucial. For this reason, Green Future Project supports Jubail Mangrove Park, a sanctuary dedicated to protecting mangroves and serving as a habitat for numerous species of fish, molluscs, and migratory birds.
Mangroves are essential ecosystems for biodiversity, coastal protection, and climate change mitigation. Their conservation and restoration are global priorities. Through targeted initiatives, we can secure a more sustainable future for these unique environments.
Want to learn more about Green Future Project’s initiatives? Visit our website to discover how you can contribute to mangrove conservation.
